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Russia in the late 1920's, 1930
Russia in the late 1920's, 1930
The State and Law 1929, the country's history holds a special place. This year there was so much change in all spheres of Soviet society, which used different terms to define the essence of the events. Some call what happened then "revolution from above", others - "Thermidor coup." Stalin called in 1929 - the year of "great change".
In domestic policy, the main event was the completion of the power struggle in the leadership of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the establishment of the autocratic regime of Stalin. After the defeat of the "right" to the country's leadership came new people personally loyal to Stalin. Chairman of People's Commissars of the USSR became the VM Molotov, Stalin's deputy in the party - LM Kaganovich, a member of the Politburo - GK Ordzhonikidze.
The Soviet leadership to pay lip service to advocate adherence to the Soviet and party democracy, collective leadership. In the late 20's - the first half of the 30's. systematically carried out Congress, congresses and plenums of the Communist Party. In 1936 it adopted the Constitution of the USSR, declared itself a democratic constitution in the world. Indeed, the document listed all human rights, to formulate new principles of justice. Was established Supreme Soviet, which has legislative functions. In 1937-1938. passed the general election of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and the Supreme Soviets of Union Republics.
At the same time a strong mandate received by the secret police of the Soviet state.
In the early 30's. The practice of holding closed trials, and extrajudicial killings. Legal framework of such a "trial" mortgaged during the start of the mass collectivization. By the end of 1929 on the initiative of local party and local authorities have created the "Troika" of top officials, including chief of the GPU, which were actually legalized the decision of the CEC and the CPC from 1 February 1930 "On measures to strengthen the socialist transformation of agriculture in areas of complete collectivization and against the kulaks. " This practice, when a trial deciding the "troika", was soon extended not only from the kulaks, but Nepman elements of the city, those who served in the royal and white armies, persons held in various political parties and intellectuals. From 1930 to 1933. held on trumped-up trials of the Industrial Party, Labour Peasant Party, the Mensheviks, the specialists of the Metropolitan-Vickers. bacteriologists, historians, leaders of food industry, state farms, the Commissariat of Agriculture, etc.
Since the flow of prisoners has increased steadily in the early 30's. a reorganization of corrective labor institutions that existed in Soviet Russia and the 20-ies. In 1930, they were transferred to the GPU, and the Department was established camps (the Gulag), headed by G. Yagoda. OGPU, the Soviet Union not only done by a case of political orientation, but its management was handed over to police. At the same time was increased Soviet legislation. The decision of the CEC and the CPC of the USSR on August 7, 1932 "On protection of assets of state enterprises, collective farms and cooperatives, and strengthening the public (socialist) property for the first time in a legislative act has been used the term" enemy of the people to which to apply the death penalty or life 10 years with confiscation of property. August 22, 1932 adopted a new regulation of central government agencies on counter-speculation, "in which for the offense imposed a term of 5 to 10 years without parole. In December of that year, the country's passport system was introduced, abolished the Soviet government in 1923, which severely restricted freedom of movement for Soviet citizens, some categories where passports are not received at all. In March 1933 the OGPU authorities have the right to shoot people without trial.
In July 1934 a decree was issued approving the principle of betrayal. In November of that year, were established by the special meeting of the NKVD, possesses the same powers as the former organs of the GPU. Finally, on Dec. 1, 1934 in connection with the murder of SM Kirov, a law on the procedure for conducting business on the preparation or perpetration of terrorist acts ", which simplified the procedure for Political Affairs and established a legislative framework for the unwinding of the flywheel of repression.
In the mid 30's. was held on 3 major political trial of the tip of the Bolshevik leadership was defeated possible opposition to Stalin in the Red Army, were subjected to shaking up the leadership in the industry, political parties, social organizations, etc. The extent of repression this time, apparently, will never be able to establish exactly a rough estimate, available in different authors, differ in a very large range. Number of prisoners in the Soviet Union in the late 30's. determined in the range from 10 to 40 million people.
That's the end of 30-ies. Stalin's personality cult reached its climax during the entire pre-war period. His name is invariably associated with numerous successes in building a socialist society in the USSR. His credibility no one could make an attempt, because next to him was the figure, not only equal in popularity to Stalin, but even the closest in relation to him. This enabled Stalin on the eve of the Second World War significantly reduce repression and punish those directly responsible for the "great terror".
Already at the third Moscow trial, which took place in March 1938, among the convicts figured G. Berry, former head of the NKVD in 1934-1936. In 1938 began the partial release of prisoners from the GULAG. This applies primarily to members of the party and the military. In November 1938, was circulated a secret circular to suspend further arrests. In December 1938 he was relieved of his post Commissar of Internal Affairs NI Ezhov and appointed a new - LP Beria. However, the repression continued in 1939-1941,., Although not on such a scale as before.
About the Author
Pavel Simyonov
"They're Going Home!"