WWii Canadian
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 WW2 CANADIAN RAF WEBLEY HOLSTER 1942 DATED UNISSUED $17.95 Time Remaining: 25d 14h 24m Buy It Now for only: $17.95 |
 WW2 Canadian Army Canadian Womens Army Corps Cap Badge $9.99 Time Remaining: 49m |
 WW2 Canadian Army Royal Canadian Hussars Maker Marked Cap Badge $9.99 Time Remaining: 49m |
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 GERMAN USE OF MINES FIELD ENGINEERING PAMPHLET NO 6 1940 ww2 canadian army $9.99 (1 Bid) Time Remaining: 22h 5m |
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 ANTI TANK MINES FIELD ENGINEERING PAMPHLET NO 8 1942 ww2 canadian army $9.99 (1 Bid) Time Remaining: 22h 22m |
 BOOBY TRAPS TANK TRAPSFIELD ENGINEERING PAMPHLET NO 9 1941 ww2 canadian army $9.99 (1 Bid) Time Remaining: 22h 25m |
 WW2 Canadian Forces Army Navy Air Force Osprey Reference Book $20.00 Time Remaining: 26d 20h 39m Buy It Now for only: $20.00 |
 PASSAGE OF OBSTACLESFIELD ENGINEERING PAMPHLET NO 10 1941 ww2 canadian army $9.99 Time Remaining: 22h 28m |
 MOBILIZATION INSTRUCTIONS CANADIAN MILITIA1937 ww2 canadian army $9.99 Time Remaining: 22h 32m |
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 MILITARY ENGINEERINGGIRDER BRIDGE MARK II PAMPHLET NO 61939 ww2 canadian army $9.99 Time Remaining: 22h 43m |
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 CAMOUFLAGE NO 46 PT 11941ALL ARMS CANADIAN ARMY WW2 $9.99 Time Remaining: 1d 2h 21m |
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 BOMB RECCE PROTECTION UNEXPLODED1942 PAMPHLET 45 CANADIAN ARMY WW2 $19.50 (3 Bids) Time Remaining: 1d 2h 35m |
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 Canadian post WW2 cap badge Fusiliers Mont Royal Canada $10.00 Time Remaining: 1d 7h 59m |
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 Canadian post WW2 cap badge to the Regt de Maisonneuve Canada $10.00 Time Remaining: 1d 8h 1m |
 CANADA Nationality Title Pair Royal Canadian Air Force RCAF WWII C $10.00 Time Remaining: 25d 21h 40m Buy It Now for only: $10.00 |
 Canadian post WW2 cap badge to the Royal Canadian Corps of Signals Canada $10.00 (1 Bid) Time Remaining: 1d 8h 2m |
 Canadian WW2 shoulder tabs Algonquin Regt see other listings for cap badges $10.00 Time Remaining: 1d 8h 3m |
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 Canadian WW2 cap badge The Canadian Grenadier Guards Canada $10.00 Time Remaining: 1d 8h 5m |
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 Canadian WW2 cap badge The South Saskatchewan Regt Canada KC $10.00 (1 Bid) Time Remaining: 1d 8h 13m |
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 Canadian WW2 cap badge Le Regiment de Hull Canada KC $10.00 Time Remaining: 1d 8h 14m |
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 Canadian WW2 cap badge 7th 11th Hussars Canada KC $10.00 Time Remaining: 1d 8h 16m |
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 WW2 Silver Canadian Volunteer Service Medal nice $39.99 Time Remaining: 19d 23h 38m Buy It Now for only: $39.99 |
 Canadian WW2 cap badge British Columbia Dragoons Canada KC $10.00 Time Remaining: 1d 8h 20m |
 Canadian WW2 cap badge The 20th Armoured Car Regt Canada KC $12.00 Time Remaining: 1d 8h 21m |
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Non Conventional Oil Reservoirs
Chronos and Non-conventional oil reservoirs
Oil sands
As we know oil-eating bacteria biodegrades oil that has escaped to the surface. Oil sands are reservoirs of partially biodegraded oil still in the process of escaping and being biodegraded, but they contain so much migrating oil that, although most of it has escaped, vast amounts are still present—more than can be found in conventional oil reservoirs. The lighter fractions of the crude oil are destroyed first, resulting in reservoirs containing an extremely heavy form of crude oil, called crude bitumen in Canada, or extra-heavy crude oil in Venezuela. These two countries have the world's largest deposits of oil sands. Chronos has local offices, operations and legal entities to serve both locations.
Venezuelan Oil
Located in eastern Venezuela, north of the Orinoco River, the Orinoco oil belt vies with the Canadian tar sand for largest known accumulation of bitumen in the world. Venezuela prefers to call its tar sands "extra heavy oil", and although the distinction is somewhat academic, the extra heavy crude oil deposit of the Orinoco Belt represent nearly 90% of the known global reserves of extra heavy crude oil. Bitumen and extra-heavy oil are closely related types of petroleum, differing only in the degree by which they have been degraded from the original crude oil by bacteria and erosion.
The Venezuelan deposits are less degraded than the Canadian deposits and are at a higher temperature (over 50 degrees Celsius versus freezing for northern Canada), making them easier to extract by conventional techniques. Although it is easier to produce, it is still too heavy to transport by pipeline or process in normal refineries. Lacking access to first-world capital and technological prowess, Venezuela has not been able to design and build the kind of bitumen upgraders and heavy oil refineries that Canada has. In the early 1980’s the state oil company, PDVSA, developed a method of using the extra-heavy oil resources by emulsifying it with water (70% extra-heavy oil, 30% water) to allow it to flow in pipelines.
The resulting product, called Orimulsion, can be burned in boilers as a replacement for coal and heavy fuel oil with only minor modifications. Unfortunately, the fuel’s high sulphur content and emission of particulates make it difficult to meet increasingly strict international environmental regulations. Venezuela's tar sands crude production, which sometimes wasn't counted in its total, has increased from 125,000 bbl/d (19,900 m³/d) to 500,000 bbl/d (79,000 m³/d) between 2001 and 2006 (Venezuela's figures; IAEA says 300,000 bpd). We at Chronos feels there is enormous potential in Venezuelan extra heavy oil and this was one of the driving factors in our establishing a fully functional operation in Venezuela to service the recruitment and software needs of the oil industry - both in tar sands and more conventional offshore projects.
Oil shales
Chronos Consulting is also active in the oil shales area. Oil shales are source rocks that have not been exposed to heat or pressure long enough to convert their trapped hydrocarbons into crude oil. Technically speaking, oil shales are not really shales and do not really contain oil, but are usually relatively hard rocks called marls containing a waxy substance called kerogen. The kerogen trapped in the rock can be converted into crude oil using heat and pressure to simulate natural processes. The method has been known for centuries and was patented in 1694 under British Crown Patent No. 330 covering, "A way to extract and make great quantityes of pitch, tarr, and oyle out of a sort of stone."
Although oil shales are found in many countries, the United States has the world's largest deposits and our new operatives in the USA are able to help with any project that arises. Alternative methods Chronos has a long history in the alternative methods arena. During the oil price increases since 2003, alternative methods of producing oil gained importance. The most widely known alternatives involve extracting oil from sources such as oil shale or tar sands. These resources exist in large quantities; however, extracting the oil at low cost without excessively harming the environment remains a challenge.
It is also possible to chemically transform methane or coal into the various hydrocarbons found in oil. The best-known such method is the Fischer-Tropsch process. It was a concept pioneered during the 1920s in Germany to extract oil from coal and became central to Germany's war efforts when imports of petroleum were restricted due to war. It was known as Ersatz (English:"substitute") oil, and accounted for nearly half the total oil used in WWII by Germany. However, the process was used only as a last resort as naturally occurring oil was much cheaper. As crude oil prices increase, the cost of coal to oil conversion becomes comparatively cheaper.
The method involves converting high ash coal into synthetic oil in a multi-stage process. Currently, two companies have commercialised their Fischer-Tropsch technology. Shell Oil in Bintulu, Malaysia uses natural gas as a feedstock, and produces primarily low sulfur diesel fuels. Sasoil in South Africa uses coal as a feedstock, and produces a variety of synthetic petroleum products. The process is today used in South Africa to produce most of the country's diesel fuel from coal by the company Sasol. The process was used in South Africa to meet its energy needs during its isolation under Apartheid. This process produces low sulfur diesel fuel but also produces large amounts of greenhouse gases.
Chronos is happy to be involved in both these locations with its qualified oil and gas teams. An alternative method of converting coal into petroleum is the Karrick process, which was pioneered in the 1930s in the United States. It uses low temperatures in the absence of ambient air, to distill the short-chain hydrocarbons out of coal instead of petroleum. As we have already mentioned oil shale can also be used to produce oil, either through mining and processing, or in more modern methods, with in-situ thermal conversion.
Conventional crude can be extracted from unconventional reservoirs, such as the Bakken Formation. The formation is about two miles (3 km) underground but only a few meters thick, stretching across hundreds of thousands of square miles. It further has very poor extraction characteristics. Recovery at Elm Coulee has involved extensive use of horizontal drilling, solvents, and proppants. Again Chronos can help find crucial staff for this type of project.
More recently explored is thermal depolymerization (TDP), a process for the reduction of complex organic materials into light crude oil. Using pressure and heat, long chain polymers of hydrogen, oxygen and carbon decompose into short-chain hydrocarbons. This mimics the natural geological processes thought to be involved in the production of fossil fuels. In theory, thermal depolymerization can convert any organic waste into petroleum substitutes. For more details on our projects in this area go to www.chrononosconsulting.com or www. coberongreen.com.
Dr Simon Harding
www.chronosconsulting.com
About the Author
Canada at War - EXCLUSIVE WW2 FOOTAGE